The adage “necessity is the mother of invention” could not be more appropriate than in the development of modern, modular electronic connectors. Their invention, improvement and acceptance has helped fuel the explosion of both voice and data communication worldwide. As usual, a bit of history sets the stage.

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Back in the s through the s the system was dominated by the companies who owned the hardware and did not allow third-party equipment, even in private homes. Linking buildings and individual phones to the network was accomplished through old, bulky connectors in use since the s and via individual wires that needed to be installed and serviced by a technician, usually meaning a costly “house call”. While the interconnect hardware was robust for the time, the system was ungainly and inefficient.

With the growth of the consumer and business system, AT&T began looking for a way to cut service costs and provide a simpler connection system. In the late s AT&T assigned Western Electric the task of developing a solution. Their work led to a “modular” system of standard connection components that were smaller, cheaper to produce, and easier to install than the prior version. This system was first released to the public on AT&T’s popular Trimline in , and the individual connectors and cables became accessible to the public in the early s.

Also, in the s, a U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) order established a standard for interconnection between company equipment and customer equipment. This standardized the interface and established separate ownership of home or office wiring from that owned by the service provider. These connections used the newly developed modular connectors. In , the FCC mandated a registration system for these connectors, and they became known as Registered Jacks (RJ).

The RJ interface specification includes the physical construction of the connector, the wiring patterns, and the signal specifics. Registered jacks are labeled with the letters RJ, followed by additional digits to indicate the type and minor variations. Modular connectors and RJ connectors are common names for the same devices. Despite the fact that these were standardized over forty years ago, modular connectors continue to grow in usage in many applications due to their wide adoption, availability, and ease of use.

How Do Modular Connectors Work?

Modular connectors are molded with a simple plastic housing that encases stamped metal contacts separated by insulating channels. The stamped metal in the plug mates with similar material in the jack. A portion of the plastic housing locks the cable or cord in the plug, allowing for strain relief. A latch is included in the housing to securely snap the connector into the handset, , wall outlet, or other device, making the device easy to plug and unplug.

The addition of a modular connector or jack to a cable is easily accomplished with a crimping tool, making field service simple. Individual connectors may have an even number from two to ten positions (locations for contacts), depending on use. Due to this, connector body widths vary. Not all of the positions, however, may have contacts installed in them.

connectors (RJ11) usually have four to six connections and Ethernet (RJ45) typically use eight. The naming scheme describes how the connector is wired. For example, a 6P2C connector has six positions and two contacts. A four position, four contact connector, or 4P4C, is the standard connector typically used on the ends of handset cords. However, this naming scheme does not define the purpose of the wires. Modular (or RJ) connectors are also classified as male (plugs or headers) and female (jacks or sockets). Some modular connectors can also be used to supply low voltage ac or dc power to a device, like a or other small electronic devices.

Standard Usage and Applications

Proven performance, availability of existing stock, ease of use, and simple design have made modular connectors an easy fit for many applications. The most common uses are in systems, data networks, and low-speed serial connections. Their efficient and economical size has also led designers to use them as replacements for bulkier and more expensive connectors in various products. Their extensive use worldwide makes them a critical component in data and voice communications.

Modular Connector Capabilities and Benefits

In addition to their standard usage in voice and data transmission, modular connectors are also widely used in both product manufacturing (OEM) and field installation and repair (MRO) settings. In the OEM area, the benefits of using modular connectors include:

• Low cost
• Off-the-shelf availability
• Solderless assembly of connector and cable
• Easy customization of cables
• Jacks can be surface mounted and reflow soldered for board use
• Ruggedized versions available for industrial applications

In MRO settings, some of the same benefits apply, such as low cost and product availability. Maintenance, repair, and operations issues, however, often center around replacement of old parts, avoidance of production down-time, and increasing system reliability. The additional benefits of modular connectors for MRO issues are:

• Simple upgrade or replacement of old connections
• Easy field assembly with simple tooling
• Ability to customize cable assemblies on site
• Multiple connector and wiring options
• Simple training of field service personnel

In both the OEM and MRO areas, modular connectors offer cost-effective solutions based on the simple, plug-in/unplug nature of the connectors, the reduction in field service calls due to ease of user self-service, and easy customization.

Modular Connector Types

The variety of different, application specific modular connectors has grown significantly with their increased use worldwide. A quick run-down of the most popular types, features and uses would include the following:

• RJ10 - simple, 4 position, 4 contact, rectangular shaped device used to connect handsets to a receiver.
• RJ11 - 6 position and either 2 or 4 contact, square device used to connect lines and modems.
• RJ12 - identical in size to RJ11 but with 6 positions and 6 contacts for use in larger systems.
• DEC MMP/MMJ - a modified (small form factor) version of the RJ11/12 connector. Modified Modular Plug (MMP) and Modified Modular Jack (MMJ) devices were used in Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) equipment.
• RJ13 - 6 position, 4 contact device similar to RJ12, but with a behind-the-line circuit.
• RJ14 - 6 position, 4 contact device with two lines used to connect 2 phones or modems.
• RJ21 - modular connector with contacts for up to 50 conductors, used to connect up to 25 circuits, as in a large system.
• RJ22 - similar in shape to RJ11, but with 4 positions and 4 contacts, typically used in handset connection.
• RJ25 - 6 position, 6 contact device similar to RJ11 but can connect up to 3 devices.
• RJ45 - 8 position, 8 or 10 contact device used for Ethernet-based local area network (LAN) connections. Read our blog, The Ultimate Guide to RJ45 Connectors for more details.
• RJ48 - 8 position, 8 contact device similar to RJ45 but for connection to shielded cables used in T1 data lines that extend longer distances and may be exposed to the environment.

Modular Connector Features

The broad array of modular connectors available today is highlighted by additional special features available to fit specific applications. Here are some of the available options:

Shielding

For longer cable runs, or for applications on the factory floor which may be subject to EMI or RFI, shielded cabling is often used. Shielded cables incorporate grounding to cancel the effects of EMI/RFI, but the connectors and jacks used in the assembly must also be shielded in order to absorb the interference and channel it to ground. Shielded RJ45 and RJ48 connectors are widely available.

Keying

True RJ45 connectors are keyed with an attached tab that allows insertion into a socket in only one orientation to avoid improper wiring. This is opposed to standard 8P8C connectors that do not have this security feature. Embellishments to this security feature are also available using keying and color coding to allow for restricted access to network connection points.

Mounting

Modular connectors for OEM applications offer most standard component mounting methods, including panel mount, board mount, through hole, and surface mount attachment. Modular jacks (or sockets) can also offer vertical or horizontal orientation.

Display and Indicator Functions

Modern modular connector products can also incorporate LEDs of various colors to indicate connection status.

Hi-Reliability (Hi-Rel) Products

Modular connector products are increasingly finding their way into systems that require high reliability and performance, like military, aerospace, and defense applications. They are also increasingly being used on the factory floor, in automation or machine vision systems. To meet the needs of these systems, robust modular connectors can incorporate EMI/RFI shielding, special keying, protective boots, or robust parts to allow for increased insertion/removal cycles.

Integrated Magnetics

In any Ethernet interconnect application, magnetics must be considered since they are part of the Ethernet specification for xBASE-T networks. Integrating the magnetics into the RJ45 jack leads to better EMI shielding and more reliable connections. RJ45 modular connectors with integrated magnetics have been available for some time. The magnetics are wire-wound components in the jack that protect against faults and transients, offer electrical isolation, plus signal balancing and impedance matching.

Key Modular Connector Design Considerations

In designing modular connectors into a system, there are several items and performance specifications to be considered and decided upon. These include:

• Pin Outs - the assignment of each of the various contacts within the connector, depending on application and future use.
• Current Rating - the maximum suggested flow of current (expressed as amps) that a device can tolerate.
• Voltage Rating - the maximum operating voltage able to be handled by a device. Both current and voltage ratings are standardized with only rare variations between product offerings.
• Contact Size - also known as termination size, is the maximum diameter wire (AWG) that a connector can accommodate. The higher the AWG, the thinner the wire.
• Number of Contacts - the number of connections available within the device. In modular connectors, this is always an even number.
• Mounting Types - how the socket is integrated into the final product. Can be panel mount, board mount, surface mount, through hole, etc.

Modular Connector Applications and Markets

As has been mentioned, modular connectors are most commonly used in voice and data communication devices, like systems and computers. However, their usage in modern products and systems has expanded due to their ease of design-in, flexibility, and availability. The creation of Power over Ethernet, or PoE, has further expanded their usage. PoE allows the transfer of power through the modular connectors and cables to connected devices, increasing portability, and decreasing infrastructure for many small devices, significantly widening the application list.

Specific applications and markets that are incorporating modular connectors include:

• Networking and Routers
• Office Machines
• Industrial Controls
• Servo Drivers
• Medical Electronics
• Motion Control
• Test Equipment
• Security Systems
• Smart Lighting
• Commercial and Retail Equipment
• IP Cameras
• VOIP
• Set Top Boxes and Gaming Systems
• Development Boards
• Hi-Rel Devices

Summary

The modular connector system was engineered to offer a modern answer to an antiquated and labor-intensive interconnect process. It has succeeded beyond expectations, presenting a simple interconnect solution for many other applications and markets. Offering easy design-in, quick and easy installation, deep breadth of products, and simple user accessibility, it has been accepted worldwide. Designers should work closely with product suppliers to understand the RJ nomenclature and specify interconnect devices that fit both present and anticipated needs.

Using modular connectors to retrofit or update existing products or integrating them into new systems and networks can lead to a very positive outcome.

Enclosures and Connectors: A Comprehensive Guide for Engineers

"Enclosures & Connectors" is one of the five pillars of expertise and product offerings supported by ArKco Sales (the others are Power, Thermal, HMI, and Electrification). Grouping these together makes sense for an electromechanical manufacturers sales rep, because they serve complementary roles in system integration.

For engineers, OEMs, and distributors, this approach simplifies product selection, procurement, and part replacement processes. It allows you to better see synergistic lines for design compatibility, and streamlines sales and support.

In this article we describe the various categories of enclosures and connectors used by engineers in product and facility design, along with specific types. For each, we name specific manufacturers whom we’ve vetted and whose products we offer. We also provide a list of products by industry for easy discovery.

Table of Contents

ENCLOSURES
.....What to Look For: sourcing considerations for enclosures
.....EMI/RFI shielded enclosures and board-level shielding
.....Modular enclosures
.....Industrial enclosures
.....Climate-controlled enclosures
.....Harsh-environment and portable enclosures
.....Desktop Cases and Standardized Modular Systems Chassis
.....DIN rail mount enclosures
CONNECTORS
.....Circular connectors
.....Board-level connectors
.....Electrical connectors: Busbars and fuse blocks
.....EMI seals and gaskets
.....Cable management
.....Wireless connectors and sensors
PRODUCTS BY INDUSTRY
PRODUCTS BY CATEGORY
WHERE TO GO NEXT...

Enclosures

Typically made from durable materials like steel, aluminum, or plastic, enclosures are designed to house electrical and electronic components, protecting them from environmental factors and unauthorized access, and providing connectivity, monitoring ability, and control.

Common industrial applications include housing control panels in manufacturing plants, protecting junction boxes in construction sites, and encasing electronic equipment in telecommunication facilities.

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What to Look For: Sourcing Considerations for Enclosures

When selecting an enclosure, there are several factors and criteria to consider. Know your requirements for each of these before requesting a pricing quote from a manufacturer or sales rep.

Material and durability. Designers often must ensure the enclosure can withstand environmental conditions like dust, moisture, vibration, or extreme temperatures, especially in industrial or outdoor settings. Metal enclosures provide robust strength, while plastic options like polycarbonate, rotomolded polyethylene, or ABS offer lightweight and corrosion-resistant properties.

Environment and protection ratings. These include IP (ingress protection) ratings for dust and water resistance or NEMA ratings for U.S. applications, to help in evaluating enclosure resistance to elements; look for ratings that meet specific needs (e.g., IP65 for water resistance or NEMA 4X for corrosion resistance).

For applications involving extreme temperatures or sensitive electronics, look for climate-controlled enclosures or those with EMI/RFI shielding. Enclosures may need conductive coatings, gasketing, or specific materials to shield against EMI/RFI without affecting performance.

Size and compatibility. The enclosure should fit the components and available space precisely, with appropriate mounting options for wall, rack, or floor installations. This is especially true in densely packed electronics or designs with heat-producing elements. Dimensions must accommodate equipment without cramping, and designs must ensure ease of access for assembly, maintenance, or cooling.

Compliance and certifications. Compliance with industry standards and certifications, such as UL, IEC, or CSA (or ATEX or IECEx for hazardous locations), is essential for safety and regulatory adherence. Certifications for fire resistance, EMI/RFI shielding, and mechanical strength are critical, especially in applications like medical, military, or hazardous environments.

Accessibility and maintenance. Enclosures with removable panels or hinged doors provide easy access, and ease of installation and maintenance should be evaluated.

Cost. Ensure that the enclosure fits within budget while meeting all necessary features. Also, overall lifetime cost of ownership may be an important consideration, as long-term cost savings may outweigh initial pricing.

Design and aesthetics. Enclosures that are installed in visible or public areas contribute to the overall professional appearance, branding, and integration with the surrounding environment. A well-designed enclosure can also enhance user experience by incorporating intuitive features and ergonomic elements that make it easier to access and interact with the housed components.

Manufacturers and Products:

• nVent Schroff: Cabinets and Racks, Indoor
• nVent Schroff: 19-inch rack mount cases - particularly if you have thermal and EMC needs
• ZERO Manufacturing: Deep Drawn Cans
• ZERO Manufacturing: Carrying Cases, Aluminum and Plastic
• ZERO Manufacturing: Transit and Storage Cases
• ZERO Manufacturing: 19-inch rack mount cases - particularly for mil/aero and harsh environment applications
• Italtronic: DIN rail mounted Enclosures

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EMI/RFI Shielded Enclosures and Board-Level Shielding

These specialized housings are designed to block electromagnetic interference (EMI) and radio frequency interference (RFI), ensuring the reliable operation of sensitive electronic equipment.

They feature conductive coatings or materials, such as metal or conductive-coated plastic, which effectively attenuate EMI/RFI signals. They often include gasketed seals, grounding points, and filtered ventilation to maintain shielding effectiveness while allowing necessary airflow and access.

EMI/RFI shielded enclosures are commonly used in industries where maintaining signal integrity is critical, such as telecommunications, medical devices, aerospace, and military/defense.

Sizes can range from small board-level shielding (BLS) enclosures measuring just a few inches on each side — used for protecting individual circuit boards or small electronic devices — to large cabinets and rack-mount units that can be several feet in height and width, designed to house entire systems or multiple pieces of equipment.

Manufacturers and Products:

• Laird Dupont: Board-Level Shielding
• nVent Schroff: EMI Shielded 19” Cabinet Enclosures
• nVent Schroff: EMI Shielded Small Form-Factor Rugged Cases

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Modular Enclosures

Modular enclosures are by definition flexible and customizable, designed to accommodate varying sizes and configurations of electronic and electrical components. They include electronics cabinets, cases, and integrated systems like PXIe chassis. These enclosures feature modular panels, adjustable frames, and a wide range of accessories, allowing for easy expansion, reconfiguration, and integration of different components.

Key elements include robust construction, advanced cooling options, and high flexibility in design, enabling tailored solutions for specific applications. The enclosures often come with options for enhanced EMI/RFI shielding, ventilation, and secure access points.

Common industrial applications of modular enclosures include data centers, industrial automation, and telecommunications.

Their adaptability makes them ideal for environments requiring frequent updates or expansions, ensuring long-term viability and efficiency in rapidly evolving technological landscapes.

Manufacturers and Products:

• nVent Schroff: Varistar CP
• nVent Schroff: RatioPac PRO Style
• Italtronic: DIN rail mounted enclosures
• ZERO Manufacturing: custom mobile, reusable modular storage containers

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Industrial Enclosures & Breakers

Many industrial settings—including agriculture, construction, and military—require robust protective enclosures to withstand harsh environmental conditions. They also often incorporate advanced cooling and ventilation systems to maintain optimal operating temperatures for housed equipment.

Core features include high durability, corrosion resistance, impact resistance, and often weatherproof or waterproof seals to protect internal components from dust, moisture, and mechanical damage. They may also feature design elements for advanced shock and vibration protection.

Products like nVent Schroff’s Varistar CP electronics cabinets and Noark Electric’s industrial molded case circuit breakers, are quite excellent at securing sensitive electronics and electrical components, and ensuring operational integrity and safety in demanding sectors.

Manufacturers and Products:

• nVent Schroff: Rack Safety PLUS - PDU with Emergency Stop
• nVent Schroff: Varistar CP - Modular Electronics Cabinets
• Italtronic: DIN rail mounted enclosures

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Climate-Controlled Enclosures

Climate-controlled enclosures are designed to maintain optimal internal temperatures and humidity levels for sensitive electronic and electrical components. Constructed from durable materials like insulated metal or heavy-duty plastic, these enclosures feature built-in cooling systems, heaters, and sometimes humidity control elements to protect against extreme temperatures and moisture.

These enclosures are typically found in industries that rely heavily on rooms—or even warehouses—full of heat-generating electronics.

nVent Schroff offers a range of temperature-controlled enclosures designed to protect sensitive electronic and electrical components from extreme temperatures.

• The Varistar Series provides robust protection with advanced thermal management solutions, including options for active and passive cooling, making it ideal for data centers, telecommunications, and industrial automation where precise temperature control is critical.
• The Interscale M Series features compact enclosures with integrated cooling solutions suitable for small to medium-sized electronics, offering passive and active cooling, EMI shielding, and tool-free assembly, perfect for IT infrastructure, medical devices, and industrial applications.

Manufacturers and Products:

• nVent Schroff: Data Center Cooling
• nVent Schroff: Enclosure Heating and Ventilation

Other enclosure cooling options from Schroff include:

• VITA Compliant Conduction Cooled Assemblies
• Liquid cooling via Coolant Distribution Units (CDUs)
• Rear door heat exchangers for 19-inch cabinets
• In-row air-water cooling units
• 19" fan trays

For more information about cooling and thermal management, or if you're looking for information about thermal interface materials (TIMs), please see our Thermal Management Guide feature!

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Harsh-Environment and Portable Enclosures

Field-use demands lightweight, durable enclosures designed for easy transport. Constructed from materials like polycarbonate, ABS plastic, or lightweight metal, these enclosures often feature handles, shoulder straps, and ruggedized designs to protect against drops and impacts.

They are widely used in industries such as field diagnostics, portable testing, and military applications, where equipment needs to be transported and operated in various environments.

The Two Best Manufacturers of Harsh-Environment and Ruggedized Enclosures

ZERO Manufacturing specializes in rugged, lightweight aluminum 19-inch rackmount cases designed for military, aerospace, and harsh environments, with a focus on portability and MIL-SPEC compliance. In contrast, nVent Schroff offers a broader range of modular enclosures for telecom, IT, and industrial applications, featuring advanced thermal and EMC management, versatile materials, and extensive off-the-shelf options.

In a nutshell, ZERO emphasizes custom, durable designs for extreme conditions, not just for electronics protection, while Schroff provides scalable, configurable solutions for electronics and data centers.

Manufacturers and Products:

• nVent Schroff: Varistar CP MIL 901E Cabinet, Military Certified for Shock, Vibration, EMC, and Corrosion
• nVent Schroff: IP-Pro Alum EMC - Small Form Factor Rugged Cases
• ZERO Manufacturing: Airline Rotable Containers
• ZERO Manufacturing: Sensor Housings
• ZERO Manufacturing: Custom Hardware
• ZERO Manufacturing: Test Equipment Cases - Val-An Transit and Transitainer Rotomold

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Desktop Cases and Standardized Modular Systems Chassis

Desktop electronics cases come in an enormous range of sizes, styles, and configurations, from 19" subracks to custom cases for desktop computing, test and measurement, and specialized industrial electronics applications. For unique commercial and industrial applications, or for quality white label solutions, options can be harder to source.

For it's flexibility and design options, nVent Schroff's RatioPac PRO Style is one of the most versatile and branding-friendly configurable desktop cases on the market. It's available in a range of colors, sizes, instrumentation, ventilation, handles, and full-color design options. See the RatioPac PRO Style configurator here.

Standardized modular systems architectures like AdvancedTCA, MicroTCA, CompactPCI, PXIe, VME/VME64x, and VPX are typically used in embedded computing applications, particularly in military and industrial manufacturing. Each offers different form factors and performance levels, with the key difference being their size, data transfer speeds, and specific features designed for different needs.

• AdvancedTCA (Advanced Telecom Computing Architecture): A high-performance, modular standard with large form factor boards, often used in demanding applications like telecommunications and network infrastructure
• MicroTCA (Micro Telecom Computing Architecture): A smaller version of AdvancedTCA, offering similar functionality but in a more compact size, ideal for space-constrained applications
• CompactPCI: A widely adopted standard with a smaller form factor than AdvancedTCA, providing a balance between performance and size, suitable for industrial and military applications
• VME (Versa Module Eurocard Bus): An older, established standard known for its ruggedness and reliability, often used in military and harsh environment applications
• VME64x: An extension of the VME standard with increased data transfer capabilities
• VPX (VITA 46): Considered the modern successor to VME, offering significantly higher bandwidth and advanced features for demanding military and aerospace applications

nVent SCHROFF offers solutions for all of the above, including their PXIe Chassis and System Controller, which can be customized to suit specific requirements. The PXIe Chassis are designed with EMC shielding in accordance with EN -1 class B, ensuring that they meet even the most stringent requirements.

The PXIe System Controller is the smallest controller on the market, with only 4 HP width. Schroff offers many processor options, allowing quick adaptation to the newest and most powerful processors on the market.

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DIN Rail Mount Enclosures

DIN rail mounted enclosures are protective housings designed to be mounted on DIN rails, which are standardized metal rails used for mounting industrial control equipment inside equipment racks.

Electrical engineers, panel builders, and industrial automation professionals use them to provide secure, organized, and accessible means of housing electrical and electronic components such as relays, circuit breakers, terminal blocks, and control devices.

When sourcing DIN rail mounted enclosures, don’t assume that a well-known name brand is going to give you the best product. Look for competitors that have advantages that set them apart:

• High-Quality Materials and Design: Are they made from durable materials like polycarbonate and ABS?
• Modular and Customizable: Do you need your DIN enclosures to be highly modular and customizable? Does the supplier offer a range of sizes, configurations, and accessories, allowing for tailored solutions that meet specific project requirements?
• Aesthetic and Functional Design: Does the supplier offer customized UV digital printing, serigraphy, laser, and painting? You may want to ensure that your enclosures not only protect your components but also enhance the overall appearance and branding of control panels and installations.
• Ease of Installation and Maintenance: Make sure your supplier facilitates easy installation and maintenance, with features like snap-on mounting and removable covers for quick access to internal components.
• Compliance and Certification: Does your supplier comply with international standards and certifications?

Because they meet all of the above criteria, we are proud to offer Italtronic enclosures.

Manufacturers and Products:

• Italtronic: DIN rail mounted enclosures
  • Wall-mounting enclosures and home automation
  • Modular enclosures for DIN rail mounting
  • Front panel mounting enclosures
  • Enclosures with 8- and 11-pin guide sockets

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Connectors

Electrical and electronic connectors are critical components used to join electrical circuits, ensuring reliable transmission of power and data. They provide secure and stable connections between cables, devices, and systems, enabling complex operations to function seamlessly.

For the purposes of this article, we also include in this category various EMI seals, foams, and gaskets; cable management and cable sleeving products; and wireless connectivity products and sensors. As you can see, connectors is a broad category in the world of manufacturing!

Moreover, there’s a whole industry devoted to protective sleeving and interconnective devices for these very connectors.

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Circular Connectors

Circular connectors are versatile and widely used in various applications for their robust design and ease of use.

• Sealed Circular Connectors: Designed for harsh environments, these connectors feature a circular interface with multiple pins for secure and reliable connections under extreme conditions. They are common in aerospace, defense, industrial automation, and transportation, offering resistance to dust, moisture, and vibration.

  For more information, please visit Connectors for Telecom Products custom.

  Additional reading:
  5 Reasons Why Your Business Needs Shielded Cable？

• Overmolded Cable Assemblies: Featuring a molded plastic covering for enhanced durability and strain relief, these assemblies protect against moisture, dust, and chemicals. Switchcraft-Conxall provides custom molded cable assemblies with high-quality materials and industry-specific customization, ideal for industrial, medical, military, and outdoor applications.

• Coaxial/RF Connectors: Engineered for high-frequency signal integrity with minimal loss, these connectors are essential in telecommunications, broadcasting, and aerospace. Switchcraft-Conxall offers options like UHD MicroBNC, DIN 1.0/2.3, and BNC connectors, along with other products such as AC power connectors and XLR connectors.

• Military-Grade Connectors: Built for extreme conditions, these connectors use high-grade aluminum or stainless steel, ensuring durability and reliability in defense and aerospace applications. Switchcraft-Conxall provides Mil-C- Equivalent and Mil-E-Qual Series connectors with secure locking mechanisms and compliance with military standards for mission-critical operations.

Manufacturers and Products:

• Switchcraft-ConXall: NEW Micro-Con-X Series
• Switchcraft-ConXall: Custom Factory Molded Cables
• Switchcraft-ConXall: Coaxial/RF Connectors

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Board-level Connectors

Board-level connectors are used to connect printed circuit boards (PCBs) within electronic devices, ensuring reliable signal and power transmission. These connectors are essential for maintaining the integrity and functionality of complex electronic systems commonly found in consumer electronics, industrial equipment, and computing devices.

Switchcraft-ConXall offers various categories of board-level connectors.

• Their DIN Panel Mount Connectors are designed for secure mounting, providing robust connections for various electronic applications. These connectors offer reliable performance, durability, and easy installation, making them suitable for industrial and commercial use.
• The NH Series Narrow Panel Mount Connectors are ideal for applications with limited space, offering a narrow profile for tight installations. These connectors provide high-density connections, perfect for compact electronic devices and equipment.
• The EH Series includes audio, video, and cable connectors, ensuring high-quality signal integrity. These connectors are versatile, easy to install, and suitable for professional audio/video equipment and data communication systems.
• Finally, the BKZ Series of DC power jacks and plugs are designed for right-angle mounting on PCBs, providing secure DC power connections. They offer durability, reliable power transmission, and a space-saving design, making them ideal for consumer electronics and portable devices.

Laird Dupont offers are variety of board-level components that we group under our Connectors pillar:

• Metal SMD contacts and soft SMD contacts for grounding and EMI
• Molded surface-mount inductors, wire-wound surface mount inductors, and wire-wound surface mount ceramic chip inductors for power and signal lines
• More than 500 standard fingerstock gaskets, as well as quick turnaround on custom precision parts

Manufacturers and Products

• SwitchCraft-ConxAll: BKZ Series
• Laird Dupont: Fingerstock metal gaskets

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Electrical Connectors: Busbars and Fuse Blocks

Busbars

Busbars distribute power in high-current applications, offering a compact, efficient alternative to traditional cabling. Key factors include current-carrying capacity, voltage rating, and thermal performance. Copper and aluminum are popular choices for their conductivity and strength, with surface treatments like tin or silver plating enhancing corrosion resistance and conductivity.

Multilayer laminated busbars, such as those by Mersen, minimize inductance, making them ideal for power electronics and renewable energy systems. These integrate conductors with dielectric layers to reduce parasitic inductance and improve efficiency. Engineers should consider dielectric strength, thermal conductivity, and layout to meet system requirements.

Terminal Blocks, Power Distribution Blocks, and Fuse Blocks

Terminal Blocks securely connect and organize wires, simplifying wiring and maintenance with options like screw-in, spring-loaded, or push-in designs. Common in control panels, distribution boxes, and machinery, they offer modularity for expansion.

Power Distribution Blocks split power from a single input to multiple outputs, handling high current loads. Mersen provides UL- and CSA-approved options for feeder and branch circuits, with flexible configurations for various needs.

Fuse Blocks combine wire termination with overcurrent protection, interrupting unsafe currents. Designed for specific fuses, they are used in automotive, industrial, and electronics applications, allowing easy maintenance and replacement.

In a nutshell, terminal blocks manage connections, power distribution blocks split power, and fuse blocks integrate circuit protection.

Manufacturers and Products:

• Mersen: InfiniCell Monitoring Busbar
• Mersen: Laminated Busbars

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EMI Seals and Gaskets

EMI seals and gaskets are critical for mitigating electromagnetic interference while maintaining the integrity of electronic systems. When sourcing EMI seals and gaskets for PCBs, connectors, and electronic enclosures, engineers must prioritize performance, compatibility, and environmental considerations. Key factors include the material's shielding effectiveness, compressibility, and durability under operational stresses.

Conductive elastomers, often made with silicone or fluorosilicone bases infused with metal particles, provide excellent shielding performance and environmental sealing. These are ideal for applications requiring a balance of mechanical resilience and EMI suppression, such as in aerospace and telecommunications. Engineers should evaluate material compatibility with the enclosure's finish and consider resistance to temperature extremes, oxidation, and other environmental factors.

The EESeal from Quell Corporation is a unique product that turns any connector into a filtered connector in seconds. It is a custom-designed seal made of highly conductive silicone with embedded capacitors and multiple peripheral shell contacts.

The EESeal is meant for applications that have either failed EMC testing or anticipate failure, and for which redesigns are time- or cost-prohibitive. Long-lasting and effective, custom samples can be shipped in as little as 24-48 hours.

Fabric-over-foam gaskets are versatile and cost-effective solutions for applications like consumer electronics and IT equipment. They feature a foam core for compressibility, encased in conductive fabric for EMI shielding. These gaskets are suitable for low-pressure environments and can be shaped to fit complex geometries.

Ferrite-based solutions offer another approach to EMI mitigation. These are typically applied to cable interfaces and high-frequency environments. Engineers should consider their suitability for specific frequency ranges and their potential impact on signal integrity.

Customizable gasketing solutions, such as molded or die-cut gaskets, allow for precise fit and integration into unique enclosure designs. Selection often depends on design constraints, such as available space, required compressive force, and mounting conditions.

Manufacturers and Products:

• Quell: EESeal
• Laird Dupont: Fabric-over-Foam (FoF) gaskets

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Cable Connectors and Sleeving

Cable Sleeving and Wrapping

Techflex engineers and manufactures a wide range of braided sleeving products for a variety of industries, from biomedical and aerospace to wire, hose, and cable bundling protection for automotive and transportation.

The Techflex catalog includes, but is not limited to, cable sleeving products for applications with the following requirements:

• Heavy duty, harsh-environment
• Electrical shielding and grounding (metal)
• Flame retardant and advanced materials
• High temperature
• Heatshrink tubing
• Lacing tape, cable ties, and other tools & accessories

Cable Management

The cable fastener by Encablist is engineered to enhance cable organization and management for professionals in engineering, data center design, and industrial design.

This system features robust interlocking plastic fasteners that snap together securely, facilitating efficient bundling and routing of cables without requiring additional tools or adhesives. Constructed from high-grade materials, these fasteners offer exceptional durability and reliability in demanding environments.

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Engineered for versatility and simplicity, the Easy-Snap system allows for rapid installation and adjustment, making it ideal for dynamic cable setups often found in data centers and industrial applications. The reusable nature of these fasteners provides an eco-friendly and cost-effective solution, reducing the need for single-use cable ties and minimizing waste.

The system is adept at managing various types of cables, including power cords, network cables, and control wiring, thereby reducing clutter and enhancing operational safety by preventing cable entanglement and wear.

Encablist’s Easy-Snap system replaces zip-ties as a streamlined and organized approach to cable management.

Manufacturers and Products

• Encablist: Easy-Snap system
• Techflex: Dura Wrap

Wireless Connectors and Sensors

Winegard is one of the world's premier manufacturer of antennas and wireless connectivity products. While many of their offerings are directed at the RV/recreation market, the Iowa-based company is known for quickly producing high quality custom products for its OEM customers.

Cellular Range Extenders

Designing or sourcing cellular range extenders requires a deep understanding of RF (radio frequency) propagation and the specific frequency bands supported by the target networks (e.g., LTE, 5G). Engineers must evaluate whether the extender supports carrier aggregation and MIMO (multiple-input, multiple-output) for enhanced throughput.

Key considerations include the gain of the extender’s amplifier, measured in dB, and its compliance with FCC regulations to avoid interference with nearby cell towers. Antenna design is critical, with engineers weighing directional antennas for long-range applications against omnidirectional designs for coverage flexibility. Placement also matters; signal degradation due to obstructions like buildings or foliage must be mitigated. Thermal management is another challenge, as amplifiers in high-power devices generate significant heat that can affect performance.

WiFi Range Extenders

WiFi range extenders pose a different set of challenges, particularly in multi-user environments where interference and congestion are common. Engineers must determine whether dual-band (2.4 GHz and 5 GHz) or tri-band extenders are required, taking into account backward compatibility with older devices and forward compatibility with WiFi 6 or WiFi 6E standards. Placement optimization is critical to minimize dead zones while avoiding co-channel and adjacent-channel interference. Beamforming capabilities and MU-MIMO support can improve performance by directing signals toward connected devices, but these features increase complexity and cost. Engineers should also consider the extender's signal latency, which can degrade real-time applications like video streaming or online gaming. Hardware integration for PoE (Power over Ethernet) can simplify installation in commercial environments.

Satellite TV and Internet Solutions

For satellite TV and Internet systems, engineers must prioritize factors such as satellite alignment, signal attenuation, and environmental durability. Dish and antenna design is paramount, as small misalignments can lead to significant signal degradation. Engineers must account for the carrier frequency (typically Ku- or Ka-band) and potential rain fade, which disproportionately affects higher frequencies. Automatic or manual pointing mechanisms should be evaluated for their accuracy and ease of use. For Internet solutions, compatibility with standards like VSAT (Very Small Aperture Terminal) and support for protocols such as TCP acceleration are important for maintaining acceptable latency and throughput over satellite links. Hardware robustness against UV radiation, wind, and temperature extremes must also be considered, especially for outdoor installations.

Sensors for Indoor or Outdoor Use

Sensors for wireless connectivity applications, whether for environmental monitoring, motion detection, or other purposes, require careful consideration of their power source, connectivity protocol, and environmental durability. Engineers must decide between battery-powered sensors, which require low-power wireless protocols like Zigbee or LoRa, and wired options that may leverage WiFi or cellular networks. For outdoor sensors, IP ratings must be scrutinized to ensure resistance to water and particulate ingress, while UV-resistant materials are essential for long-term durability. Connectivity considerations also include range, latency, and interference susceptibility, particularly if the sensors operate in crowded ISM bands. Calibration and data integrity are critical for sensors in applications requiring high precision, such as industrial monitoring or weather stations.

Integration Considerations

Across all these product lines, integration with existing systems is a significant concern. Engineers must evaluate compatibility with protocols like TCP/IP, MQTT, or proprietary wireless protocols, depending on the application. Device firmware security is increasingly critical, with considerations for OTA (over-the-air) updates and encryption standards to prevent unauthorized access or data interception. Additionally, engineers must assess power requirements, considering whether the devices will operate from AC mains, DC power, or batteries, and how these choices impact energy efficiency and reliability.

Manufacturers and Products:

• Winegard: RangePro cellular extender
• Winegard: Starlink satellite internet
• Winegard: Sensors (water leakage; temperature/humidity; door/window closures; motion)

Please note that products listed on Winegard's website are presented for retail/consumer market. Identical products and custom products are available for OEM customers.

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Industry-Specific Applications and Products

Agriculture/Livestock

Commonly Used Products: Waterproof circular connectors, plastic electrical enclosures, DIN rail mount enclosures, braided cable sleeving [see also: HMI; Thermal Management]

Applications: Automated feeding systems, environmental monitoring & control, irrigation control, cable and electrical protection.

Example: Switchcraft-ConXall sealed circular connectors are used in automated irrigation systems to ensure reliable performance in wet conditions.

Appliances

Commonly Used Products: Standard circular connectors, rugged harsh environment sealed connectors, audio/video connectors, metal electrical enclosures (wall mount or 19” cabinet, braided cable sleeving, cable management systems (Encablist), DIN rail mounted enclosures, and busbars.

Applications: In HVAC systems, they protect and connect sensors, controllers, and actuators, ensuring efficient operation. In commercial kitchens, they manage power distribution and control signals in equipment like ovens, dishwashers, and refrigerators, enhancing safety and performance.

In industrial automation, these products are vital for controlling and connecting machinery. Additionally, in renewable energy installations and data centers, they help maintain power quality and reliability.

Example: Switchcraft-ConXall’s multi-pin sealed circular connectors Multi Con-X, Mini Con-X, and new Micro Con-X lines – are frequently used in outdoor and marine appliances to provide robust connections in high-vibration environments.

Electric Vehicle Industry

Commonly Used Products: High-current, harsh environment sealed circular connectors, metal instrument enclosures, DIN rail mount enclosures, automotive battery busbars, custom overmolded cable assemblies, harsh environment cable sleeving

Applications: Battery management systems, charging infrastructure, powertrain control.

Example: The Micro Con-X series of rugged, high-density connectors from Switchcraft-ConXall is known for its secure locking mechanisms and compact design, making it ideal for space-constrained environments in EVs.

HVACR and Mechanical Contractors

Commonly Used Products: Rugged pipe wrap and cable sleeving, waterproof circular connectors, plastic electrical enclosures

Applications: Climate control systems, refrigeration units, building automation

Example: Techflex's Dura HVAC Foam Protective Wrap is constructed of a tightly woven breathable polyester shell that offers protection from wind, rain, mildew, UV Rays and abrasion.

Heavy Equipment/Machinery

Commonly Used Products: Standard circular connectors, metal electrical enclosures, PDUs with emergency stop, harsh environment braided cable sleeving

Applications: Construction equipment, agricultural machinery, mining equipment.

Example: Switchcraft-ConXall Micro Con-X connectors are used in mining equipment to ensure reliable connections in harsh, high-vibration environments.

IT and Data Center

Commonly Used Products: 19” cabinets, rack-mount instrument enclosures, PDUs with emergency stop, RF coaxial connectors

Applications: Server racks, networking equipment, data storage solutions.

Example: nVent Schroff's Varistar CP line of 19” cabinet systems are widely used in data centers for their modular design and advanced cooling options.

Industrial Equipment / Test & Measurement

Commonly Used Products: Standard circular connectors, metal electrical enclosures

Applications: Factory automation, control panels, robotic systems.

Example: nVent Schroff’s Rack Safety Plus is a fully configurable 19-inch PDU with built-in emergency shut-off, designed to save time, increase production speed, and drastically improve workplace safety.

Marine/RV and Recreational Equipment

Commonly Used Products: Waterproof sealed circular connectors, harsh environment braided cable sleeving

Applications: Navigation systems, onboard electronics, communication devices, docking equipment

Example: Switchcraft-ConXall’s Multi-Con-X Series connectors provide robust waterproof connections for marine navigation systems.

Medical Device

Commonly Used Products: Miniature sealed connectors, EMI/ESD filter seals

Applications: Diagnostic equipment, patient monitoring, surgical instruments.

Example: In MRI machinery, Quell’s EESeal turns connectors into a filtered connectors, eliminating EMI/RF interference

Military and Aerospace

Commonly Used Products: Mil-C- equivalent & Mil-E-Qual connectors, ruggedized instrument enclosures, EMI filter seals, high-speed rugged backplanes, shock-mounted MIL901D/901E cabinets, high-thermal Card-Loks, rugged systems & VPX

Applications: Avionics, communication systems, radar equipment.

Example: nVent Schroff’s Varistar CP MIL901E cabinet, Military certified for shock, vibration, EMC, and corrosion, is used by major military contractors and government agencies for unique and sensitive applications that demand flexible design accommodation, superior lead time and competitive cost.

Power Generation

Commonly Used Products: Rugged sealed circular connectors, DIN rail mount electrical enclosures, customizable plastic enclosures, metallic and non-metallic EMI shielding, harsh environment braided cable sleeving, heat shrink tubing

Applications: Power distribution, control systems, renewable energy converters.

Example: Italtronic makes the number one selling modular plastic enclosures in Europe, and is quickly catching up in the United States for use in housing control systems, due to their customization, durability, competitive cost, and short lead times.

Solar Energy & Renewables

Commonly Used Products: Ruggedized, waterproof sealed circular connectors, plastic electrical enclosures, DIN rail mount enclosures, harsh environment braided cable sleeving, 19” inch cabinets

Applications: Photovoltaic systems, inverters, battery energy storage.

Example: Techflex’s Flexo® PET and Flexo F6® braided cable sleeving products are useful in covering and protecting wires and cables that connect solar panels to the inverter or charge controller. Their lightweight and flexible construction is helpful in tight spaces, guarding against UV, heat, abrasion, chemicals, and more.

Transportation and Rail

Commonly Used Products: Standard Circular Connectors, Metal Instrument Enclosures

Applications: Signaling systems, onboard communication, control systems.

Example: nVent Schroff's Small Form Factor Rugged Cases are flexible and proven rugged aluminum die-cast cases for harsh environment up to IP67. They offer a wide variety of footprints, with fan or conduction cooling solutions, mounting brackets, stabilizing feet, and much more.

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Enclosures and Connectors by Product Category

Enclosures

19” Chassis, Desktop cases, cabinets, Rack mount cases, Subracks
AdvancedTCA
Backplanes
Board Retainers and Extractors (Calmark & Birtcher)
Board-level shielding
Cabinet doors, frames, and base plates
Door contacts
EMI/RF Enclosures
Enclosure Monitoring and Management
Enclosed breakers
Front Panels and Plug-in Units
Industrial controls
Inserters, extractors, levers, and ejectors
Management gateways
MicroTCA
Monitor and keyboard drawers
Open frame racks & ruggedized electronics cabinets
Panels for racks
PCB tainers, retainers, and card guides
PXI and PXI Express (PXIe)
Radome enclosures
Rugged/harsh environment electronics cases
Server and Networking Racks
Small form factor cases
Wall mount cabinets

Connectors

Antennas
Cellular signal boosters
Circular connectors & sealed circular connectors
Fabric-over-foam (FOF) gaskets
Fingerstock gaskets
Harsh environment connectors
Router signal extenders
Satellite internet dishes and receivers
Sensors
Waterproof connectors

Where to Go Next… (Hint: Contact Us)

For more information on products, applications, or to request samples, please contact ArKco Sales at (651) 777-, or .

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Beyond Enclosures & Connectors

ArKco Sales is your guide and source for electromechanical systems and components across a broad range of industries and applications. In addition to Enclosures & Connectors, we provide expertise and connect you with manufacturers in the following categories:

Contact us to discuss your requirements of hdmi adaptor for macbook air. Our experienced sales team can help you identify the options that best suit your needs.

• Power
• Thermal
• HMI
• Electrification