Your Ultimate Guide to Water Heaters | NEXGEN HVAC & Plumbing

Chapter 2: Types Of Water Heaters

Depending on the type of water heater you choose, you can save on energy and annual operating costs but pay more up-front for installation, or vice versa. Or you may save on energy costs but require more time to pay off the unit. There are several other factors in play, including your local utilities, the availability of specific fuel types, and the size of your household.

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The most common types of water heaters on the market include:

Storage or Tank-Type Water Heaters

Most often used in homes, storage tank water heaters come with 20- to 80-gallon insulated tanks that store water until the tap is turned on. Pipes draw hot water from the top of the tank. At the same time, the tank is replenished by cold water that enters the bottom. Water temperature is maintained by an adjustable thermostat, while pressure is managed by a temperature-pressure-relief (TPR) valve.

Conventional water heaters are powered by gas or electricity. Gas units use fuel oil, propane, or natural gas; although they’re more expensive to buy than electric units, they cost less to operate. Electric water heaters are less costly to install but the savings may be realized through higher efficiency and energy-factor ratings.

The downside: Despite using gas or electricity, or more efficient tank insulation, stored water loses heat over time, requiring more energy to reheat it to the set temperature.

Hybrid Water Heaters

A tank-type heater that features a heat pump mounted above the hot water storage tank. The pump captures ambient heat from the room using a small compressor and evaporator coil. This reduces the amount of energy used. However, compared to a standard water heater, this system costs about twice as much; it can take three to four years of lower electric bills to recoup the extra cost. However, state and local energy rebates can reduce this time.

A hybrid heat pump works similarly. It extracts heat from the ambient air and heats water in a tank, while supplemental electric heating provides additional support when there’s high demand. The pump is efficient because it uses air that’s already warm (saving up to $300 per year on your energy bill). On the other hand, hybrid systems require a lot of space to work efficiently and are sensitive to annual temperature extremes.

Tankless or On-Demand Water Heaters

The lack of a tank dramatically cuts down on the space needed for the water heater. Compact, wall-hung units provide hot water for an entire home. Only when the hot-water tap is opened does the unit start running. A flow sensor triggers the electric heating element (or a gas-fired burner) that warms a heat exchanger. Water passing through coils in this component heats up as a result, before reaching the faucet or appliance that requires it.

Most models can heat about 3.5 gallons per minute (GPM) of water. They are reliable but can be overloaded if more than two sources of hot water are running at once. Gas-fired units produce combustion gases, which are released via a sealed vent pipe. The perks include an unlimited supply of hot water, not to mention a lifespan of up to 20 years.

The lack of a tank dramatically cuts down on the space needed for the water heater. Compact, wall-hung units provide hot water for an entire home. Only when the hot-water tap is opened does the unit start running. A flow sensor triggers the electric heating element (or a gas-fired burner) that warms a heat exchanger. Water passing through coils in this component heats up as a result, before reaching the faucet or appliance that requires it.

Most models can heat about 3.5 gallons per minute (GPM) of water. They are reliable but can be overloaded if more than two sources of hot water are running at once. Gas-fired units produce combustion gases, which are released via a sealed vent pipe. The perks include an unlimited supply of hot water, not to mention a lifespan of up to 20 years.

Plus, if you use 40 gallons of hot water per day, it draws about 34% less energy on average than a standard system.

Point-of-Use or Utility Water Heaters

Most people think of water heaters as those that serve the whole house. A type of tankless model, a point-of-use water heater delivers nearly instantaneous hot water to a sink, shower, or other specific location. It’s best used for fixtures far from the main water heater.

You can fit a point-of-use water heater inside a vanity cabinet or small closet. It is simply plugged into a GFCI electrical outlet. Just about all the energy consumed goes into providing hot water. Ranging in size from 2.5 to 19 gallons, these compact units can be installed in small secondary bathrooms and even to supply hot water to a detached garage or outbuilding.

Solar Water Heaters

Are more often used in the Southwest region of the United States. A solar water heater is powered by solar collectors outside the structure, which may be installed on the walls, roof, or a nearby location. The water heater itself can be a pre-existing model or one designed for solar-thermal applications.

A direct-gain solar thermal heater sends potable water to the collector, heating it directly. However, there’s often little or no freeze protection and heat loss is an issue on a cold night or cloudy day. In an indirect or closed-loop system, a heat transfer fluid is pumped through the panels and heats water via a heat exchanger.

A drain-back system protects against freezing temperatures, as water drains into a storage tank located in a conditioned space. But if an anti-freeze solution is used, the circulation pump must keep running if outside temperatures are too hot or too cold (rather than turn off if the panels are cooler than the tank or the tank reaches its maximum temperature). Flat panel and evacuation tube collectors are more suited for cooler climates.

Condensing Water Heaters

If you require a system with more than 55 gallons of capacity and use gas for heating, you can use a condensing water heater. This kind of system can be tank or tankless. Its main difference from a conventional water heater is that exhaust gases are captured and sent to a coil. From here, heat from these gases is absorbed by cold water.

This process avoids wasting heat energy due to combustion, as flue gases are vented out of the system.

Mobile Homes

Mobile homes have specific requirements for water heaters, which can be gas or electric. All units must be Housing and Urban Development (HUD)-approved. Important factors in selecting a water heater include the type of connection, which must be compatible with the type of gas used in a mobile home. The heater must have outside access. If none is available, you’ll need a sealed combustion gas water heater rather than a standard model.

It’s also important to take measurements. Mobile home doors and other dimensions are often smaller than a typical home. By measuring properly, you can avoid problems when installing the water heater.

What Is A Tankless Water Heater?

We're all familiar with standard tank water heaters, which work well but aren't all that efficient. No matter how great the tank's insulation is, the hot water inside will give up its heat over time - that's just how the universe works. The only way to keep that water hot is to regularly warm it up - a constant cycle that consumes energy and costs you money. Standby heat loss typically accounts for 10-20% of total annual water heating costs. In some homes with standard tank heaters, the energy consumed for heating water is even greater than that used for heating the home itself!

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Tankless water heaters were designed to avoid the shortcomings of standard heaters, providing a more energy-efficient way to have a steady hot water supply. Utilizing powerful gas burners or electrical elements, they're able to rapidly heat water at the time of use, as opposed to storing (and perpetually reheating) it for eventual use. Heating water only when you need it makes sense, and eliminating standby heat loss almost always results in lower energy bills.

In addition to avoiding standby heat loss, tankless heaters are also smarter in how they use fuel (be it gas or electrical energy). By modulating their fuel use, these units use only what's needed to heat water at the flow rate actually being experienced. If you open up a sink faucet that's drawing 1gpm, less fuel is used to heat that water than would be used for a tub spout running at 5gpm. As a result, it's not uncommon to see fuel-use reductions of up to 50% compared to a tank heater.

There are two varieties of tankless water heaters: centrally-located whole house heaters, and point-of-use (POU) heaters for individual fixtures (or rooms). What you choose depends on the water habits of your household, and the demands of the fixtures involved - all of which we'll get into below. Some will opt to install point-of-use heaters to supplement a central unit, typically at fixtures that use a lot of hot water or are far away from the central water heater (resulting in long waits for hot water). Whole house heaters work best in smaller to average-sized homes, but multiple units can be installed to meet the demands of larger homes.

Pro Tip: If you don't want a tankless heater for the whole house, but just want to eliminate the wait for hot water at a far-away bathroom, look for a point-of-use model that allows for a hot incoming water supply. Connecting your existing hot water supply (from your central water heater) to the tankless unit results in a substantially lower temperature rise, allowing you to purchase a less powerful (and less expensive) unit, compared to what you would need when connecting the cold water supply.

Purchase our most popular point-of-use tankless water heater right here! Chronomite Low Flow SR Series Point-of-Use Tankless Water Heater SR-20L - $279.84 View more information about this water heater, including flow rates, dimensions, temperature rise, etc.

Did You Know? Two tankless water heaters can be connected in series, increasing the flow rate of hot water to fixtures. This allows larger homes or those expecting lots of simultaneous hot water usage to satisfy the heavy demand a single unit might struggle with.

Figuring Out What You Need

If you're leaning towards tankless, you'll need to determine the hot water needs of your household before you can start (seriously) looking at units. How much hot water will you need at peak demand (say when someone's showering, you're doing dishes, and there's a load in the wash)? And just how much will the incoming cold water need to be heated?

Figuring out hot water demand is fairly simple: list all of the fixtures that will be using hot water from the tankless heater, and add up their flow rates. How do you find out the flow rate? If you bought the fixture, you can check the documentation it came with or go online to find out. If you have no idea, use the following assumptions:

Faster Hot Water? Although a POU unit under a sink will deliver near-instant hot water to that faucet, tankless water heaters are not by themselves a solution to the problem of waiting for hot water. Hot water will always remain in the pipe after you're done using it, where it rapidly cools down - and it'll always take a while for fresh hot water to push it out of the way. If your chief gripe is with the hot water wait, you'll need to look into multiple POU heaters, or an "open loop" recirculating pump system (see also "Getting Hot Water the "Green" Way"). Not all tankless water heaters will work in such a system, so be sure to check with the manufacturer. You may need to install a "mini-tank" water heater in addition to your tankless to make such a system work properly.

You'll also need to ascertain the temperature of incoming water. You can view a map of average U.S. groundwater temperatures on our page. While actual temperatures will of course vary, this rough guide should be enough to help you pick out an adequate unit. For greater accuracy, contact your water provider.

Once you know the incoming water temperature, you can calculate the temperature rise - how much the heater will need to heat the cold water. Most homes will be satisfied with 120°F water, and most units will heat up to 160°F. To calculate the temperature rise, simply subtract your incoming water temperature from the desired output temperature. For example, if your incoming water temperature is 50°F and you want 120°F hot water, the temperature rise would be 70°F.

Figuring out your home's hot water demand and the temperature rise required allows you to focus on tankless units that can actually meet your household's needs. A table or chart will be included on item listings, spec sheets, or even on the heater packaging itself indicating the maximum flow rate at various temperature rises. Your goal is to find a unit that provides the required flow rate (as determined above by adding up the flow rates of the fixtures to be used) at the necessary temperature rise. The greater the flow rate, the lower the temperature rise.

Let's look at an example:

• Your incoming water temperature is 50°F and you want 120°F hot water delivered to a low-flow showerhead (1.5 gpm), and two lavatory sinks (1.0 gpm each). The total flow rate of the three fixtures equals 3.5 gpm.
• If you were interested in the gas-powered Takagi TK-110U-I water heater, you would take a look at its flow rate chart on our page and see that at a 70°F temperature rise, it supplies just over 3.0 gpm. While you may be able to get away with this, you're much better served upgrading to the TK-310U-I, whose flow rate chart shows a flow rate of about 4.5 gpm at a 70°F rise.
• If you were instead looking at an electric model like the Eemax Home Advantage II, you would consult the handy table on that page that shows the temperature rise at several flow rates for each model in the Home Advantage II family. There's unfortunately no column for 3.5 gpm, but 3.0 gpm and 4.0 gpm are represented. Going down the 3.0 gpm column, you can see there's only one model that comes close to the required 70°F rise: the HA, which gives a temperature rise of 82°F at 3.0 gpm and 62°F at 4.0 gpm.

Not sure you're ready to go all the way tankless? We offer a variety of options for heating your water, including temperature boosters for tank water heaters and on-demand recirculating pumps that install right at your fixtures!

Determining the Best Power Source

Once you know the temperature rise and flow rate you need from your new water heater, you'll be able to decide whether an electric or gas-powered model will work best for you. For anything beyond small point-of-use heaters, it's likely that you'll need to upgrade either your electrical system or the gas supply line and water heater venting.

Electric

With electric tankless water heaters, the primary concerns are with the load they place on your home's electrical system, and the wire size required to power the unit safely and sufficiently. Electric units are fine for point of use, but are generally avoided for whole-house applications due to the cost of electrical upgrades that would likely be necessary.

• Electric models will specify the number and amperage of breakers required for the unit's operation. Most homes will have 100 or 200 amp electrical service; depending on the other electrical demands of the household, you may be able to get away with a point-of-use heater or small whole-house unit without having to upgrade the electrical service. If you aren't familiar with your home's electrical system or the demand placed on it, speak with an electrician before you buy.
• At minimum, all but the smallest POU units will likely require a new breaker or two, as well as new (thicker gauge) wire. DIYers with electrical experience may be able to save a few bucks by making these relatively simple upgrades themselves, but for everyone else an electrician should handle things.
• If your breaker panel is all filled up, a subpanel may need to be installed to accommodate the new water heater. This will entail an additional cost of at least several hundred dollars, and is not a project for most DIYers.
• If your home's electrical service is underpowered, you'll need to decide whether the cost of upgrading or adding a second service is worth it. Installing a second service or upgrading from 100 to 200 amp service will typically run around $; going up to 400 amps about double that. Depending on your home's gas supply, it may be a wiser move to invest in a gas-powered unit, or reconsider standard tank water heaters.
• On the plus side, electric units don't require venting! This saves time, money and space - and allows for a far greater number of installation locations throughout the home.

Purchase our most popular whole house electric tankless water heater right here! Eemax EX280 (T2T) Series Three Whole House Water Heater - $1,588.40 View more information about this water heater, including flow rates, dimensions, temperature rise, etc.

Natural Gas or Propane

Gas (and liquid propane) tankless water heaters are more powerful than electric, and are the type most commonly used as whole-house water heaters. But there are two things you must know before deciding to go with gas: is your gas supply large enough to power the unit, and how will you get rid of the dangerous exhaust the heater creates?

• What's the size of your home's existing gas supply line, and how far from the meter will the new tankless unit be located? Is the pipe size reduced at all over the course of its run to the heater? How much gas is used in the rest of the home? It may be easy enough to investigate these things yourself, but when it comes to using that information to decide whether or how much you need to upgrade, things can get really complicated. Call your gas provider or a plumber certified to deal with gas systems to schedule a visit and discuss your options with you.
• Homes with undersized gas supplies may need larger-diameter pipes to deliver more fuel, or the provider may need to increase the supply pressure to the home (standard residential pressure for natural gas is 1/4 to 1/2 psi; 2 psi may be necessary in homes with high demand). The cost of each will likely be substantial: gas repiping involves a lot of labor, and upgrading the gas service calls for a new meter and regulator. Prepare to spend a minimum of several hundred dollars for a meter/regulator change, and potentially much more for repiping.
• Be sure that the gas-powered models you're looking into use electronic ignition devices, which avoid the constant fuel consumption of a standing (always on) pilot light. The overwhelming majority of newly manufactured tankless heaters utilize this technology, so you shouldn't have much difficulty.
• If you think you can save some money by re-using the venting from your old water heater, think again! Tankless gas units require large metal flues that can deal with very high temperatures - category III stainless steel vent pipe being the preferred choice. Vent pipe should never be mixed and matched, so you'll need to factor in the additional cost of new venting.
• Gas water heaters have two venting methods: direct-vent and power-vent. The specifics and code requirements of tankless venting can present significant challenges, so professional installation is always recommended (many manufacturers will even void warranties if a unit has not been professionally installed, venting included).
• Direct-vent units typically require two separate vents: intake and exhaust (some heaters can utilize concentric vents that combine both in a single unit, saving time and space). Intake air from outside the home is drawn in through the ventilation pipe; hot exhaust leaves through a different one. Because they're fed air from outside, direct-vent units can be installed in very cramped locations. Some direct-vent systems will allow for exhaust to be vented horizontally out a side wall, making installation that much easier.
• Power-vent water heaters take in the air around them to fuel combustion, and use only a single ventilation pipe (for exhaust). Whatever room they're in will need to be large enough to supply sufficient air to the unit; the air must be clean and free of fumes (especially from corrosive chemicals like chlorine, sulfur or fluorine). If the desired installation location can't provide the fresh air necessary, the unit must be moved or (in some cases) converted to direct-vent. The "power" in these systems refers to a fan that actively pushes exhaust out of the unit through the vent pipe. Since exhaust gases are being forced out, a power-vent system can be vented through a wall rather than the ceiling.
• Whatever venting method is used, there are strict codes that govern how and where venting can be installed - and it's not the same everywhere. Some things make perfect sense (the exhaust can't be placed too close to a window), but other requirements may not be so obvious. Be sure to hire a fully licensed and experienced local professional to install the heater - it's their job to know how to do things right!
• Outdoor Tankless Water Heaters: If you live in a temperate climate, the issue of venting can be made moot with a water heater designed for outdoor installation. These gas or propane powered units are designed to weather the elements, and usually feature a freeze-protection device that's good down to single digit temperatures. Installing an outdoor unit frees up valuable space inside the house, and saves money by cutting out the cost of venting entirely. Many outdoor tankless units can be installed in a recess box, keeping your home's exterior clean and free of distractions.
• Condensing Tankless Water Heaters: Condensing units are the ultimate in efficiency. These gas/propane models feature a heat exchanger before the vent pipe that captures thermal energy from the hot exhaust, using it to preheat the cold water coming into the heater. This mean less "fresh" energy is being used, and it also results in a cooler exhaust temperature. Because the exhaust isn't insanely hot, some water heater manufacturers state their condensing units can be vented via PVC pipe, rather than the more expensive steel or aluminum venting required with non-condensing tankless units. We do not recommend this - and neither do PVC manufacturers, who rate their pipe only for venting sewer gases, not combustion gases. There's always a chance PVC could melt in such a situation, so you're much better off using metal venting.

Purchase one of our most popular whole house gas tankless water heaters right here! Takagi Indoor Whole House Natural Gas Tankless Water Heater TK-310U-I - $1,176.65 View more information about this water heater, including flow rates, dimensions, temperature rise, etc.

Tankless Water Heater Maintenance

There's no anode rod to worry about replacing, nor is there a huge tank that needs to be flushed out, but tankless water heaters do require a bit of maintenance every now and then. The build-up of limescale (hard water deposits) in a tankless unit's heat exchanger can severely impact performance, and eventually break it. You'll need to delime/descale the heater regularly to ensure maximum performance, with the regularity totally dependent on the hardness of water in your area: it could be every 6 months, every year, or even every few years.

Pro Tip: In addition to deliming/descaling, you'll need to regularly check intakes (on power-vent units) and venting for any blockages, wear or damage. Some units may filter incoming water and will require regular filter cleaning. Make sure to read the maintenance section of your owner's manual: each heater is different, and what's necessary to keep it in top shape is not always obvious.

How will you know when to descale your water heater? Some newer units can detect scale and alert you when it's time to clean, making things incredibly easy. Models that don't have such fancy features should be inspected by a professional within a year of installation (or sooner, if you've noticed a decrease in performance). They'll be able to tell you how much scale has built up, and what your maintenance schedule should be.

Bright Idea! If the water is particularly hard in your area and you haven't yet invested in a water softener, it might be worth it: tankless water heaters don't handle hard water well, and many will even specify a maximum hardness for proper operation.

The actual descaling procedure is usually outlined in the water heater documentation, and may vary between models. Depending on the severity of the buildup, the process can take from 45 minutes to over an hour. A pump, some valves, fittings and a bucket are the typical tools required - all of which can be found in this convenient scale removal kit from Zoeller. It may seem a bit pricey (mostly due to the pump), but if you're confident in your skills and understanding of the descaling procedure, doing it yourself is the way to go: consider how one or two maintenance appointments with a plumber will already equal the cost of the kit!

Going tankless is a big decision - one that should only be made after you know exactly what you need from the water heater and exactly what upgrades to your home would be necessary. The sticker price of a given unit is only half the story. But if you can swing the cost, a tankless water heater will provide you with endless hot water for a good many years (5-10 years longer than a tank heater, on average). Sounds like a solid investment to us!

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