How Does graphene engine oil treatment for commercial vehicles Work?

BRISBANE, QUEENSLAND, AUSTRALIA – Graphene Manufacturing Group Ltd. (TSX-V: GMG) (OTCQX: GMGMF) (“GMG” or the “Company”) is pleased to announce the results of the multi-year performance testing of G® Lubricant, a transformative graphene liquid concentrate additive designed to enhance the performance of diesel and gasoline (petrol) engines. This product has the potential to reshape the future of the global liquid fuels industry and offers an innovative solution that optimizes efficiency and power for stationary or mobile engines.

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GMG is in the process of preparing packaging and marketing materials for G® Lubricant, and expects to begin a direct marketing campaign, targeting fleet owners and initially commencing in Australia and then expanding into other markets from April onwards. 

Click here to order a G® Lubricant sample for your own engine testing.

Unleashing the Power of Graphene

G® Lubricant, a graphene liquid concentrate that can be added to any mineral or synthetic oil used in an internal combustion engine, has been shown to increase fuel efficiency by up to 8.4% in a diesel engine. The amount of graphene in the final lubricant once G® Lubricant is mixed in is only ~ 1:10,000, with the balance of the concentrate consisting of lubricating base oil. As a result, G® Lubricant can be used safely in any internal combustion engine. Over the past four years, GMG has conducted environmentally controlled testing of G® Lubricant in internal combustion engines monitored and verified by The University of Queensland. GMG’s test results have been corroborated by similar savings realized by customers over a number of years of field testing.

Figure 1 below shows the high level fuel efficiency improvement provided by the G® Lubricant additive, while Figure 8 provides the detailed fuel testing parameters.

Figure 1: Diesel Engine Fuel Efficiency Improvement provided by G Lubricant

The data shows a clear increase in fuel efficiency performance from G® Lubricant when the load is increased on the engine. High loads for truck diesel engines are usually seen when the truck starts to move, and then at high speeds when encountering wind resistance. Usually stationary diesel engines for power generation operate at high load.

Figure 2 shows the potential savings for the main types of diesel engine commercial vehicles in use in Australia – with average vehicle data sourced from the Australian Bureau of Statistics[1] (ABS).  

[1] ABS Source: https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/industry/tourism-and-transport/survey-motor-vehicle-use-australia/latest-release

Figure 2: Potential Cost Savings per Vehicle Type provided by G Lubricant

Exceptional Performance Confirmed by University of Queensland

GMG’s Managing Director and CEO, Craig Nicol, commented: “G® Lubricant has taken over 4 years of advanced product testing and is transformational for energy efficiency and emissions reduction for the liquid fuels industry – it is the culmination of decades of lubricants, engines, energy markets and graphene knowledge which is inherent in the GMG business. The next challenge to commercialise this product awaits – which we are eagerly preparing for.”

GMG’s Chairman and Director, Jack Perkowski, commented: “G® Lubricant’s performance, which demonstrates an 8.4% improvement in fuel efficiency using only a very small amount of graphene in an easy to use graphene concentrate, is a ‘Category Creator’ that has the potential to redefine the multi trillion dollar liquid fuels market. The fact that only 1% of G® Lubricant is needed to achieve such savings provides a very attractive value proposition for fleet owners.” 

Click here to order a G® Lubricant sample for your own engine testing.

US$ 1.4 Trillion Global Diesel Industry

Whilst G® Lubricant can be used to reduce fuel consumption in both diesel and gasoline/petrol engines GMG intends to focus on the diesel market initially, which is largely B2B focused, and therefore, more targeted as far as fuel cost savings and performance. GMG calculates that global diesel fuel sales totalled US$1.4 Trillion per annum[1] including taxes and duties on approximately 28 million barrels of diesel per day as detailed by the EIA2. Figure 3 shows the top 34 countries in the world with diesel fuel sales greater than US$10 Billion per annum.

[1] Using EIA diesel volumes for and www.globalpetrolprices.com diesel prices per country as of January 15th

Figure 3: Total Diesel Fuel Sales US$ Billion

Estimated US$ 1.2 Billion Per Annum Global Diesel Market For G® Lubricant

Assuming an average fuel savings of 8.4%, GMG believes that a conservative estimate of the potential market for G® Lubricant is 10% of the fuel savings realized by users annually. Assuming G® Lubricant pricing equal to 10% of the savings realized, GMG estimates that the potential global revenue for G® Lubricant is US$ 1.2 Billion sales per annum. Figure 4 shows GMG’s estimates of potential annual sales of G® Lubricant by country.

Figure 4: Total G® Lubricant Sales Opportunity

Detailed Equipment and Process for Testing G® Lubricant

The following describes the equipment used and the process followed by the Company in demonstrating the fuel saving demonstration of the G® Lubricant in the diesel engine generator:

• A 30kVA (24 kW) Cummins diesel engine generator (with 14,784 hours of run time) as seen in Figure 5 and described in Figure 6 was purchased and setup in the GMG Richlands warehouse.
• The generator was connected to a 40 kW power load bank which consumed the energy produced by the generator and created the load and a 500 litre self-contained fuel tank.
• Two calibrated flow sensors were connected (inflow and return/outflow) to the fuel lines and to a data logger which recorded the fuel consumption.
• An Energy Analyzer was used to log and track energy produced by the generator.
• Tests were conducted on loads of 40%, 60% and 80% loads of the 40 kw power load bank – 12, 18, 24 kw respectively.
• A baseline to record diesel fuel consumption under normal engine oil and operating conditions was completed with newly changed recommended premium diesel engine oil and a new oil filter. This oil change was carried out by a professional engine maintenance service company.
• The engine was run at the different loads (40%, 60% and 80%) and the baseline and G® Lubricant data set used for the analytics is when the maximum ambient temperature for the day was less than 33 degrees Celsius and relative humidity was between 50% and 80% with no rain. Fuel consumption for diesel engines changes when operating in rain or very high humidity or temperatures, so the fuel consumption data baseline and G® Lubricant engine oil additive performance testing were excluded for these times.
• Only steady state data was used and so any variance or anomalous data seen in either baseline or G® Lubricant datasets were removed from the analytics. Data sets were grouped into minute blocks.
• Once the baseline fuel tests were completed, the engine oil was drained and the oil filters were replaced. G-Lubricant with approximately 1:100 concentration was mixed at approximately 1% ratio by weight with a new batch of the same premium recommended engine oil and added to the generator engine. The end ratio of GMG’s Graphene to the diesel engine oil was approximately 1:10,000 by weight. The oil change was carried out by the same professional engine maintenance service company.

G® Lubricant Packaging

G® Lubricant is currently sold by GMG in different small pack sizes, a 500 ml pack is shown in Figure 5 which can be diluted into 50 litres of engine oil to provide improved engine performance. GMG intends to direct market the product to its targeted markets through various pack sizes for direct and bulk use.

Figure 5: G® Lubricant 500 ml pack (which can be used to dose 50 litres of engine oil)

Click here to order a G® Lubricant sample for your own engine testing.

Figure 6: Diesel Engine Generator Equipment

Figure 7: Diesel Engine Generator Equipment Parameters.

The detailed data for this fuel test is shown below in Figure 8.

Figure 8: Detailed Diesel Engine Generator Performance Data.

Basis for Performance Improvement

As seen in Figure 9, G® Lubricant GMG improves fuel efficiency by creating less friction in the boundary layer lubrication of the pistons inside the cylinder block of the engine. It is widely accepted that approximately 30% of the fuel is used in an engine to overcome internal friction, and that approximately 60% of the engine friction is in the piston area.  Graphene has also been seen to prevent wear and also fill in wear scars of an engine, helping to improve piston sealing.

Figure 9: G® Lubricant is believed to reduce friction in the engine pistons.

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Patent Progress of G® Lubricant

GMG submitted a patent application on the G® Lubricant product as soon as it was possible, and this is progressing through the usual process to be approved for the main target markets.

About GMG:

GMG is an Australian based clean-technology company which develops, makes and sells energy saving and energy storage solutions, enabled by graphene manufactured via in house production process. GMG uses its own proprietary production process to decompose natural gas (i.e. methane) into its natural elements, carbon (as graphene), hydrogen and some residual hydrocarbon gases. This process produces high quality, low cost, scalable, ‘tuneable’ and low/no contaminant graphene suitable for use in clean-technology and other applications.

The Company’s present focus is to de-risk and develop commercial scale-up capabilities, and secure market applications.  In the energy savings segment, GMG has initially focused on graphene enhanced heating, ventilation and air conditioning (“HVAC-R”) coating (or energy-saving coating) which is now being marketed into other applications including electronic heat sinks, industrial process plants and data centres. Another product GMG has developed is the graphene lubricant additive focused on saving liquid fuels initially for diesel engines.

In the energy storage segment, GMG and the University of Queensland are working collaboratively with financial support from the Australian Government to progress R&D and commercialization of graphene aluminium-ion batteries (“G+AI Batteries”). GMG has also developed a graphene additive slurry that is aimed to improve the performance of lithium-ion batteries.

GMG’s 4 critical business objectives are:

1. Produce Graphene and improve/scale cell production processes
2. Build Revenue from Energy Savings Products
3. Develop Next-Generation Battery
4. Develop Supply Chain, Partners & Project Execution Capability

For further information please contact:

• Craig Nicol, Chief Executive Officer & Managing Director of the Company at [ protected], +61 415 445 223
• Leo Karabelas at Focus Communications Investor Relations, [ protected], +1 647 689

Neither the TSX Venture Exchange nor its Regulation Services Provider (as that term is defined in the policies of the TSX Venture Exchange) accept responsibility for the adequacy or accuracy of this news release.

Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

This news release includes certain statements and information that may constitute forward-looking information within the meaning of applicable Canadian securities laws. Forward-looking statements relate to future events or future performance and reflect the expectations or beliefs of management of the Company regarding future events. Generally, forward-looking statements and information can be identified by the use of forward-looking terminology such as “intends”, “expects” or “anticipates”, or variations of such words and phrases or statements that certain actions, events or results “may”, “could”, “should”, “would” or will “potentially” or “likely” occur. This information and these statements, referred to herein as “forward‐looking statements”, are not historical facts, are made as of the date of this news release and include without limitation, the potential of G Lubricant to optimize efficiency and power for stationary or mobile engines, the potential of G Lubricant to reshape the future of the global liquid fuels industry, GMG’s intention to commercialise and market G Lubricant, the progress of the  Company’s patent applications, the potential market for G Lubricant and the potential revenue available for G Lubricant.

Such forward-looking statements are based on a number of assumptions of management, including, without limitation that G Lubricant has the potential to optimize efficiency and power for stationary or mobile engines, that G Lubricant has the potential to reshape the future of the global liquid fuels industry, that GMG will commercialize and market G Lubricant, that the Company’s patent applications will progress as anticipated, and that the potential market and revenue available for G Lubricant will be as currently forecasted. Additionally, forward-looking information involves a variety of known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors which may cause the actual plans, intentions, activities, results, performance or achievements of GMG to be materially different from any future plans, intentions, activities, results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Such risks include, without limitation: that G Lubricant will not offer an innovative solution that optimizes efficiency and power for stationary or mobile engines, that G Lubricant will not reshape the future of the global liquid fuels industry, that GMG will commercialize and market G Lubricant as anticipated, that the Company’s patent applications will not progress as currently anticipated, that the potential market and revenue available for the G Lubricant product is not as currently calculated, risks relating to the extent and duration of the conflict in Eastern Europe and its impact on global markets, the volatility of global capital markets, political instability, the failure of the Company to obtain regulatory approvals, attract and retain skilled personnel, unexpected development and production challenges, unanticipated costs and the risk factors set out under the heading “Risk Factors” in the Company’s annual information form dated October 3, available for review on the Company’s profile at www.sedarplus.ca.

Although management of the Company has attempted to identify important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in forward-looking statements or forward-looking information, there may be other factors that cause results not to be as anticipated, estimated or intended. There can be no assurance that such statements will prove to be accurate, as actual results and future events could differ materially from those anticipated in such statements. Accordingly, readers should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements and forward-looking information. Readers are cautioned that reliance on such information may not be appropriate for other purposes. The Company does not undertake to update any forward-looking statement, forward-looking information or financial out-look that are incorporated by reference herein, except in accordance with applicable securities laws. We seek safe harbor.

By: Dr. Akanksha Urade (Graphene & 2D Materials Science Writer)

Graphene is increasingly being used as an additive to transform a growing number of products in practically every industry.
In this article, I will explore the use of graphene as a lubricant.

Why Graphene?

Graphene flakes have practically endless applications. It is added to other materials to improve strength, water resistance, flexibility and electrical conductivity. A tiny amount – typically, between 0.01%-0.5% – can produce dramatic improvements.

Graphene can be an inexpensive replacement for many incumbent materials.
The problem has been finding a reliable source for industrial volumes of the right quality graphene for specific applications.

Global Lubricant Market

Grandview Research predicts that the $130 billion lubricants business in will expand at a CAGR of 3.7% through , led by increasing global demand for higher-performance lubricants. Graphite is the primary incumbent material for lubricants. But graphite has a number of drawbacks – including that it only works in humid environments. Another disadvantage of graphite is the tendency of lamallae to rupture under severe mechanical loads, resulting in a limited lifetime and a higher coefficient of friction.

There are other problems with lubricants, including the use of ecologically hazardous additives or solid lubricants (such as molybdenum disulfide or boric acid). Both oil-based and solid lubricants do not bond well to the surfaces it lubricates and must be reapplied on a regular basis. Even under the best conditions, most lubricant oils eventually degrade over time due to oxidation.

Different forms of graphene have been extensively tested as a lubricant additive. Graphene’s use as a lubricant is attributed to a number of different physical-chemical properties. For example, graphene’s exceptional mechanical strength prevents material wear. Second, graphene has been demonstrated to be impermeable to liquids and gases like water and oxygen, slowing down the oxidative and corrosive processes that normally cause damage to rubbing surfaces. Furthermore, because graphene is an atomically smooth 2D material with low surface energy, it can replace the thin solid films that are typically used to reduce the adhesion and friction of various surfaces.

Graphene as an Additive in Oils

Graphene can also be utilized as an additive in lubricants to increase fuel economy and engine stability. Companies such as Graphenoil, Graphene-XT, HydroGraph, Versarien, NTherma and others have added different forms and quality of graphene to lubricating oil to enhance performance and stability, resulting in less wear and tear.

“The addition of graphene improves the oil’s tribological properties, making it more suitable for high-pressure, high-stress environments”, notes Simone Ligi, the Chief Executive Officer of Graphene-XT. “But the benefits of graphene do not stop there. Graphene has good heat transfer properties, essential to make lubricants safer at higher temperatures. All of these effects combined reduce engine noise and fuel consumption”.

Graphene as a Solid-State Lubricant

People commonly associate lubricants with the fluids found in automobiles and industrial machines. While fluids make up the vast majority of modern lubricants, a subset of lubricants known as solid-state lubricants also exists. Argonne National Lab has been researching solid lubricants based on graphene as a cheaper, more efficient and longer-lasting alternative to oil.

Image Courtesy: Berman, Diana, et al. Science ().

The use of graphene and carbon nanodiamonds as a solid-state lubricant to better preserve ball bearings is a field of study that has progressed rapidly in recent years, from an intriguing idea to a nearly practical reality. When graphene flakes and nanodiamond particles brush against a large diamond-like carbon (DLC) surface, the graphene encapsulates the nanodiamond by wrapping itself around it. As nanodiamonds are spherical in shape, the graphene-nanodiamond combination may travel freely between the two surfaces while providing lubrication. In addition to their lubricating and corrosion-preventative properties, they have also demonstrated super lubricity effects in which friction is reduced to nearly zero.

“That’s a significant improvement over any other existing solid lubricants coating available today,” says Argonne’s Prof. Anirudha V. Sumant. “Also, the amount of graphene needed is very small and therefore cost is much lower and eliminating oil waste would be more environmentally friendly, which is a great side benefit.”

The same research team revealed graphene to be an excellent steel lubricant. A few atomic layers of graphene not only reduce the degree of friction in steel rubbing against steel by seven times and the amount of wear by 10,000 times, but can also significantly lower the risk of corrosion.

The advantage of graphene-based solid lubricant coatings over standard lubricants is their simplicity of application. It is applied by spraying a solution over a vast surface area and can coat virtually any shape or size.

Graphene Oxide vs. Real Graphene

In our earlier piece titled “Fake Graphene: Let the Buyer Beware,” I made it abundantly clear that high-quality, defect-free graphene enjoys superior properties to their oxidized counterparts, such as graphene oxide (GO). However, in their marketing and on the labels of their bottles, many companies that sell GO and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) call these materials graphene. Even with lubricant applications, this is still the case.

Image courtesy: Berman, Diana, Materials Today ()

When compared to the wear rate of graphene layers, the wear rate of GO is between one and two orders of magnitude higher. As can be seen in the figure, oxidized graphene has dramatically inferior coverage compared to high-quality graphene, and the presence of oxygen in GO may cause corrosion of steel, which, in turn, increases wear. Because of this, GO does not offer anything approaching the same level of wear protection as high-quality graphene.

Conclusion

Contemporary lubricants contain ecologically hazardous chemicals or are solid lubricants (such as molybdenum disulfide or boric acid). Both oil-based and solid lubricants degrade over time and must be replenished on a regular basis. Real, high-quality graphene, on the other hand, can persist for a long period because the flakes realign themselves during initial wear cycles. Graphene, which is entirely composed of carbon, is environmentally friendly. In specific applications, do I think that graphene lubricants could serve as a suitable alternative to the more traditional oils and fluids? Yes. Would graphene lubricants be a universal replacement for oils? No. There are a number of reasons for this, but the key factor is the lack of supply of high-quality graphene. Nevertheless, we cannot deny that graphene-based lubricants and oils are making their way onto the market. However, whether or not they will come to dominate the market depends upon the ability to manufacture industrial volumes of high-quality graphene.

References

Berman, Diana, Ali Erdemir, and Anirudha V. Sumant. “Graphene: a new emerging lubricant.” Materials today 17.1 (): 31-42.

Berman, Diana, et al. “Macroscale superlubricity enabled by graphene nanoscroll formation.” Science 348. (): -.

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